What do the symbols TM, SM, ®, and © mean, and how are they different from each other?

The circled R symbol (®) after a trademark name or image indicates that the trademark is registered. Various symbols are used for copyrights and patents. While the presence of a symbol doesn't affect the registration's validity, it's best to use the ® or © symbol for copyrights whenever you mention your intellectual property in print. These symbols provide legal grounds for claiming damages in trademark disputes. Below is a list of common symbols you can use on a website, in written content, or in marketing materials.

• TM: The TM or trademark symbol signifies an unregistered trademark for one of 34 product categories. Owners use this symbol to claim the preceding name or logo as their product's trademark.
• SM: The SM or service mark symbol is similar to the TM symbol but indicates a claim to a mark for a service (one of 11 service categories) rather than a physical product.
• ®: Use the ® symbol once your trademark or service mark is registered. It shows that the registration has been approved by the relevant authority.
• ©: Use the © symbol to indicate copyrighted material. The copyright notice should appear as Copyright © followed by the creation date, the copyright owner's name, a period, and "All Rights Reserved." For example: Copyright © 2021, John Smith. All Rights Reserved. Use it whether the copyright is registered or not.
• Patent Pending: The phrase "Patent Pending" indicates that a patent application has been filed but approval is not yet guaranteed.